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Blasting effects of cross-fault deep-buried excavation on adjacent existing tunnel stability
Shaobo Chai, Lianzeng Chai, Chao Meng, Kai Liu, Lang Song, Shaojie Zheng
发布时间：2026-04-30
关键词：Blasting effects of crossfault deepburied excavation on adjacent existing tunnel stability
摘要：AbstractThe vibration caused by blasting excavation of rock mass frequently poses a threat to the stability of adjacent tunnels. Previous research is limited by the simplification of a rock mass as a homogeneous elastic medium, without considering the wave attenuation caused by viscoelasticity and wave separation induced by rock discontinuities, as well as plane waves while neglecting geometric...
阅读全文 PDF 引用Stress analysis of crack characteristic of anthracite under dynamic loading
Yun Bai, Feng Gao, Ning Luo, Zhizhen Zhang, Yue Niu, Shanjie Su
发布时间：2026-04-30
Investigation of the failure characteristics of fissure tunnels under dynamic and static combinations
Peng Ying, Yu Ying, Xiaohan Li, Han Zhao, Kewei Yu, Zheming Zhu, Lei Zhou, Xibin Li
发布时间：2026-04-30
关键词：Investigation of the failure characteristics fissure tunnels under dynamic and static combinations
摘要：AbstractConsidering the expansion of mining operations into increasingly deeper areas, it is imperative to assess the influence of dynamic disturbance loads on the security of deep tunnels. Here, via AUTODYN finite difference software, a numerical analysis of the fracture characteristics of a fractured tunnel was employed under the coupled action of in-situ stress and dynamic disturbance loads....
阅读全文 PDF 引用Strain-based modeling and analysis for rock blasting and geomechanics applications
Ruilin Yang
发布时间：2026-04-30
关键词：Strainbased modeling and analysis for rock blasting geomechanics applications
摘要：AbstractPredicting rock blasting outcomes in mining has been crucial since its inception. Blasting remains the most energy- and cost-efficient method for rock breaking and is often the only practical option. However, the mechanism is complex, influenced by various rock properties, explosives, and blast design parameters, making their effects difficult to quantify. Traditional stress-based model...
阅读全文 PDF 引用A perspective review of applications of the computed tomography (CT) scan imaging technique for microscopic reservoir rock characterization
Achinta Bera, Bharadwaj Shukla, Dhruvikkumar Jogani
发布时间：2026-04-30
关键词：A perspective review of applications the computed tomography CT scan imaging technique for microscopic reservoir rock characterization
摘要：AbstractIn hospitals, a medical computed tomography (CT) scan is used to detect damage to infected areas of the human body. Using this technology, scientists and engineers have found a way to detect the internal pore connections and characterize rock samples of oil and gas reservoirs in the petroleum industry. Nowadays, the micro-CT scan technique is gaining considerable interest in reservoir r...
阅读全文 PDF 引用The world's first continuous small-radius spiral ramp excavated by tunnel boring machine at China's Beishan Underground Laboratory for high-level radioactive waste disposal
Ju Wang, Jianguo Wang, Xingguang Zhao, Jihong Wang
发布时间：2026-04-30
关键词：The worlds first continuous smallradius spiral ramp excavated by tunnel boring machine at Chinas Beishan Underground Laboratory for highlevel radioactive waste disposal
摘要：China has achieved a major engineering milestone in the construction of the Beishan Underground Research Laboratory (URL) for geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW). On December 26, 2025, the project team successfully completed the excavation of the world's first deep, continuous small-radius, steep spiral ramp by a tunnel boring machine (TBM) named Beishan No. 1, which marke...
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A novel technological conception of integrated large-scale CO2 storage, water recovery, geothermal extraction, hydrogen production, and energy storage
Huiling Ci, Bing Bai, Tiancheng Zhang, Hongwu Lei
发布时间：2026-04-30
关键词：A novel technological conception of integrated largescale CO storage water recovery geothermal extraction hydrogen production and energy
摘要：AbstractCarbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is widely recognized as a technological system capable of achieving large-scale carbon dioxide emission reductions. However, its high costs and potential risks have limited its large-scale implementation. This study focuses on enhancing the economic viability of traditional CCUS by proposing a novel technological concept and system that in...
阅读全文 PDF 引用Overview of geothermal resource exploration and development in North Africa
Meryem Redouane
发布时间：2026-04-30
关键词：Overview of geothermal resource exploration and development in North Africa
摘要：AbstractGeothermal exploration and development in North Africa have advanced significantly, driven by the region's rich geothermal resources and rising energy demand. The countries of Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt are located near tectonic plate boundaries (African and Eurasian plates), giving them substantial geothermal potential. Various exploration activities, inclu...
阅读全文 PDF 引用Review of artificial intelligence applications in geothermal energy extraction from hot dry rock
Kun Ji, Hong Li, Yu Zhao, Kaoshan Dai, Sai Liu, Chun'an Tang
发布时间：2026-04-30
Challenges, models, and algorithms for flow and transport simulations in deep reservoirs
Tao Zhang, Jie Liu, Shuyu Sun
发布时间：2026-04-30
关键词：Challenges models and algorithms for flow transport simulations in deep reservoirs
摘要：AbstractThe development of deep reservoirs is an emerging topic in the energy industry. This paper analyzes the challenges in simulations of flow and transport in deep reservoirs and introduces models and algorithms aimed at resolving these challenges. A fast, accurate, and robust phase equilibrium model is developed with the aid of deep learning algorithms to accelerate the thermodynamic analy...
阅读全文 PDF 引用Investigation of damage impact on stability and airtightness of lined rock caverns for compressed air energy storage
Hui Zhou, Shuo Zhao, Yang Gao, Muhammad Usman Azhar, Mingming Hu, Songhua Mei, Feng Xiao, Hongliang
发布时间：2026-04-30
关键词：Investigation of damage impact on stability and airtightness lined rock caverns for compressed air energy storage
摘要：AbstractThe lined rock cavern (LRC) compressed air energy storage (CAES) system is currently regarded as one of the most promising methods for large-scale energy storage. However, the safety of LRC under high internal pressure has emerged as a critical issue that restricts their development. While scholars have focused on the safety of LRC under multiphysics field coupling, few have noticed the...
阅读全文 PDF 引用Elastic and elastoplastic analysis of surrounding rock in CAES chambers considering excavation-induced centripetal exponential reduction in mechanical properties
Zeyuan Sun, Cheng Zhao, Jinquan Xing, Ran Huang, Qinyuan Luo, Huiguan Chen, Jialun Niu
发布时间：2026-04-30
关键词：Elastic and elastoplastic analysis of surrounding rock in CAES chambers considering excavationinduced centripetal exponential reduction mechanical properties
摘要：AbstractCurrently, there is a lack of research on the impact of excavation damage on the stability of underground compressed air energy storage (CAES) chambers. This study presents a comprehensive analytical framework for evaluating the elastic and elastoplastic stress fields in CAES chambers surrounding rock, incorporating excavation-induced centripetal reduction of rock stiffness and strength...
阅读全文 PDF 引用Stability analysis of a compressed air energy storage cavern transformed from a horseshoe-shaped roadway in an abandoned coal mine
Rui Sun, Jianguo Wang, Yuejin Zhou, Xiaoji Shang, Chunfai Leung
发布时间：2026-04-30
关键词：Stability analysis of a compressed air energy storage cavern transformed from horseshoeshaped roadway in an abandoned coal mine
摘要：AbstractCompressed air energy storage (CAES) caverns transformed from horseshoe-shaped roadways in abandoned coal mines still face unclear mechanisms of force transfer, especially in the presence of initial damage in the surrounding rock. The shape and size of the initial damage area as well as their effect on cavern stability remain unclear. Due to the complex geometry and multiphysical coupli...
阅读全文 PDF 引用Study on the diffusion and migration law of CO2 sequestrated in abandoned coal mine goaf
发布时间：2026-04-30
关键词：Study on the diffusion and migration law of CO sequestrated in abandoned coal mine goaf
摘要：AbstractThe potential for CO2 sequestration in the goaf of abandoned coal mines is significant due to the extensive fracture spaces and substantial residual coal present. Firstly, the adsorption characteristics of residual coal in goaf on CO2 were studied by the isothermal adsorption test of CO2. Then, to accurately calculate the amount of adsorbed CO2 within the residual coal in the goaf, the ...
阅读全文 PDF 引用Critical technologies in the construction of underground artificial chamber for compressed air energy storage systems
Jifang Wan, Mingyin Li, Rui Zhao, Wendong Ji, Jingcui Li, Maria J. Jurado, Yangqing Sun
发布时间：2026-04-30
关键词：Critical technologies in the construction of underground artificial chamber for compressed air energy storage systems
摘要：AbstractCompressed air energy storage (CAES) has emerged as a grid-scale energy storage linchpin, providing diurnal-to-seasonal timescale energy buffering for renewable power integration. Diverging from conventional salt cavern-dependent approaches, artificial cavern-based CAES unlocks geographical adaptability through engineered underground containment. This study systematically reviews critic...
阅读全文 PDF 引用Advancements in underground large-scale energy storage technologies for new production chains
Jianguo Wang, Chunfai Leung
发布时间：2026-04-30
关键词：Advancements in underground largescale energy storage technologies for new production chains
摘要：Deep Underground Science and Engineering (DUSE) is pleased to present this special issue highlighting recent advancements in underground large-scale energy storage technologies. This issue comprises 19 articles: six from our special issue “Underground large-scale energy storage technologies in the context of carbon neutrality”, 11 from regular submissions on related topics, and two from early...
阅读全文 PDF 引用Progress in feature research topics in deep underground
王建国，Chunfai Leung
发布时间：2025-09-18
关键词：Progress in feature research topics deep underground
摘要：Deep Underground Science and Engineering (DUSE) is pleased to release this issue with feature articles reporting the advancement in several research topics related to deep underground. This issue contains one perspective article, two review articles, six research articles, and one case study article. These articles focus on underground energy storage, multiscale modeling for correlation between...
阅读全文 PDF 引用Compressed air and hydrogen storage experimental facilities for sustainable energy storage technologies at Yunlong Lake Laboratory (CAPABLE)
Xiaozhao Li, Yukun Ji, Kai Zhang, Chengguo Hu, Jianguo Wang, Lixin He, Lihua Hu, Bangguo Jia
发布时间：2025-09-18
关键词：Compressed air and hydrogen storage experimental facilities for sustainable energy technologies at Yunlong Lake Laboratory CAPABLE
摘要：AbstractIn March 2022, construction was started at Yunlong Lake Laboratory of Deep Underground Science and Engineering, China, on an underground gas storage experimental facility with the capacity to achieve composite structure design and material development. Underground gas storage can provide a solution to address the intermittency of renewable energy supply. Currently, lined rock caverns (L...
阅读全文 PDF 引用Genesis and reservoir preservation mechanism of 10 000-m ultradeep dolomite in Chinese craton basin
Guangyou Zhu, Xi Li, Bin Zhao, Hua Jiang, Yinghui Cao, Yan Zhang, Weiyan Chen, Tingting Li, Jiakai H
发布时间：2025-09-18
关键词：10 000- 000 Genesis and reservoir preservation mechanism of m ultradeep dolomite in Chinese craton basin
摘要：AbstractThe 10 000-m ultradeep dolomite reservoir holds significant potential as a successor field for future oil and gas exploration in China's marine craton basin. However, major challenges such as the genesis of dolomite, the formation time of high-quality reservoirs, and the preservation mechanism of reservoirs have always limited exploration decision-making. This research systematically e...
阅读全文 PDF 引用A review of multiscale numerical modeling of rock mechanics and rock engineering
Xindong Wei, Zhe Li, Gaofeng Zhao
发布时间：2025-09-18
关键词：A review of multiscale numerical modeling rock mechanics and engineering
摘要：AbstractRock is geometrically and mechanically multiscale in nature, and the traditional phenomenological laws at the macroscale cannot render a quantitative relationship between microscopic damage of rocks and overall rock structural degradation. This may lead to problems in the evaluation of rock structure stability and safe life. Multiscale numerical modeling is regarded as an effective way ...
阅读全文 PDF 引用Petrogenetic and geochemical characteristics of some auriferous granitoids in the Kumasi Basin, Ghana: Implications for geodynamic settings and controls of orogenic gold mineralization in the Edikan Gold Mine
Emmanuel D. Sunkari, Obed Oppong, Theophilus K. Agbenyezi
发布时间：2025-09-18
关键词：Petrogenetic and geochemical characteristics of some auriferous granitoids in the Kumasi Basin Ghana Implications for geodynamic settings controls orogenic gold mineralization Edikan Gold Mine
摘要：AbstractThe Edikan Mine, which consists of Fobinso and Esuajah gold deposits, lies within the Asankrangwa Gold Belt of the Birimian Supergroup in the Kumasi Basin. The metasedimentary rocks in the Basins and the faulted metavolcanic rocks in the Belts that make up the Birimian Supergroup were intruded by granitoids during the Eburnean Orogeny. This research aims to classify granitoids in the Ed...
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Real-time lithology identification while drilling based on drill cuttings image analysis with ensemble learning
Kun Li, Ting Ren, Ningping Yao, Jon Roberts, Haitao Song, Zhongbei Li, Xueqiu He, Liang Zhao
发布时间：2026-03-18
关键词：Realtime lithology identification while drilling based on drill cuttings image analysis with ensemble learning
摘要：AbstractAccurate lithology identification through geological exploration is crucial for hazard risk management during deep underground operations. Artificial intelligence has advanced in image recognition but using it to analyze underground drill cuttings for accurate lithology remains challenging. Issues include imprecise sampling control, harsh environments, and inconsistent image acquisition...
阅读全文 PDF 引用Exploring wave propagation behaviors in rock: A grain-based perspective on mineral structures
Zhiyi Liao, Jiachen Xu, Kai Zhang, Changtai Zhou
发布时间：2026-03-18
关键词：Exploring wave propagation behaviors in rock A grainbased perspective on mineral structures
摘要：AbstractRock, composed of diverse minerals, exhibits macroscopic mechanical properties largely determined by its grain-scale structure, making microscale studies crucial for understanding rock dynamic behavior. This study employs a grain-based model (GBM) within the discrete element method framework, calibrated using Lac du Bonnet granite test results, to investigate wave propagation and attenu...
阅读全文 PDF 引用Motion planning and control of an installation robot for attitude adjustment of arc parts in underground shield tunneling
Quan Xiao, Guofei Xiang, Liang Liao, Lai Wei, Hongli Wang, Songyi Dian
发布时间：2026-03-18
关键词：Motion planning and control of an installation robot for attitude adjustment arc parts in underground shield tunneling
摘要：AbstractThe traditional assembly process of arc parts (box-shaped pieces) in shield tunneling faces significant challenges, including outdated assembly techniques, low assembly precision, and slow construction progress. This study introduces a walk-through assembling robot for arc parts (W-ARa), inspired by the crawling behavior of spiders. W-ARa consists of eight legs, 19 hydraulic cylinders, ...
阅读全文 PDF 引用Critical expansion points: Mechanical signs of surrounding rock instability
Jiaqi Wen, Chang Deng, Haijun Wang, Lei Tang, Jihong Yu
发布时间：2026-03-18
关键词：Critical expansion points Mechanical signs of surrounding rock instability
摘要：AbstractThe stability of surrounding rock in deep underground engineering is often affected by the post-peak zone, where damage characteristics remain insufficiently understood. A thorough investigation into post-peak rock behavior is essential for accurately characterizing the bearing capacity of deep surrounding rock. This study examines the mechanical behavior of surrounding rock in deep-bur...
阅读全文 PDF 引用The damage and failure mechanism of prestatically loaded rock during medium-strain rate cyclic impact loading
Wei Wang, Hanpeng Wang, Zicheng Wang, Xinyuan Xie, Yunhao Wu, Jinhou Zhang, Dekang Sun
发布时间：2026-03-18
关键词：The damage and failure mechanism of prestatically loaded rock during mediumstrain rate cyclic impact loading
摘要：AbstractTo study the rock damage mechanism under high static loading and superimposed medium strain rate cyclic impact loading, a series of tests were carried out. First, the rock was preloaded with a static load (27.5, 32.5, 37.5, 42.5 MPa), and then cyclic impact loads with different peak values (6, 8, 10, 12 MPa) and different frequencies (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 Hz) were continuously applied ...
阅读全文 PDF 引用Dynamic tensile strength and fracture evolution of characteristic shale with bedding and hole using linear regression theory
发布时间：2026-03-18
关键词：Dynamic tensile strength and fracture evolution of characteristic shale with bedding hole using linear regression theory
摘要：AbstractIn methane in situ explosion fracturing technology, it is critical to investigate the effects of bedding characteristics and perforation holes on the dynamic mechanical properties and fracture behavior of shale reservoirs. Dynamic Brazilian splitting experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of the bedding angle and the central aperture on the dynamic mechanical properties a...
阅读全文 PDF 引用Numerical and experimental study on P-wave propagation across a rock joint with different orientations
Yaghoob Zarei, Mojtaba D. fallahi, Ali Uromeihy, Mohammad R. Nikoodel, Mohammad Fathollahy
发布时间：2026-03-18
关键词：Numerical and experimental study on Pwave propagation across a rock joint with different orientations
摘要：AbstractDetermination of the required parameters in different science contexts using the ultrasonic wave velocity (UWV) has been one of the favorite topics of researchers in recent years. This paper presents numerical and experimental studies to investigate the effect of joint orientation on longitudinal wave (P-wave) velocity. The study started with a numerical simulation, in which a cylindric...
阅读全文 PDF 引用Multiple injection techniques to stimulate complex fracture networks in coal reservoirs: A case study on gas disaster reduction of subsurface coal mine in southwest China
Delei Shang, Farui Shi, Jun Lu, Minghui Li, Cunbao Li, Heping Xie
发布时间：2026-03-18
关键词：Multiple injection techniques to stimulate complex fracture networks in coal reservoirs A case study on gas disaster reduction of subsurface mine southwest China
摘要：AbstractThe development and utilization of coalbed methane or coal mine gas has been a key way to ensure safe production and solve gas disaster reduction issues in coal mines. As an effective method, the hydraulic fracturing technique can increase both the number of fractures and their degree of connectivity, thereby improving the gas permeability in coal reservoirs. This study concentrates on ...
阅读全文 PDF 引用Semi-analytical solution for the stability of deep vertical shaft considering time-dependent rock-structure interaction
Bin Chen, Pinqiang Mo, Zhao Lu, Lianfei Kuang, Qiang Zhang, Abolfazl Eslami
发布时间：2026-03-18
关键词：Semianalytical solution for the stability of deep vertical shaft considering timedependent rockstructure interaction
摘要：AbstractThis study focuses on the stability of deep vertical shafts in underground construction, addressing critical concerns in mining and geotechnical engineering. A semi-analytical approach is proposed to capture the time-dependent ground response during shaft excavation in an elasto-visco-brittle-plastic medium. This solution accounts for variations in internal cavity pressure and the time ...
阅读全文 PDF 引用A rock brittleness index based on the postpeak energy release rate and damage surface characteristics for brittle hard rock
Biao Wang, Zaobao Liu, Jing Xue, Bo Lu, Wei Zeng, Dengke Zhang
发布时间：2026-03-18
关键词：A rock brittleness index based on the postpeak energy release rate and damage surface characteristics for brittle hard
摘要：AbstractRock brittleness is an important mechanical property that describes damage of rocks. This study proposes a rock brittleness evaluation index considering the postpeak energy release rate and damage surface morphology parameters. The accuracy of the brittleness index is verified by the triaxial direct shear test of granite under different confining pressures. By comparing the accuracy and...
阅读全文 PDF 引用Surface hydration-induced damage in tight oil-bearing sandy conglomerate reservoirs
Anbang Zhao, Shuheng Du, Yuan Zhang, Jinghong Hu, Bo Zhou, Yun Wei
发布时间：2026-03-18
关键词：Surface hydrationinduced damage in tight oilbearing sandy conglomerate reservoirs
摘要：Highlights Two distinct stages of interfacial hydration in conglomerates are first identified. Smectite boosts long-term conglomerate interfacial hydration. Carbon and silicon affect interfacial hydration differently. Calcium oxide, but not magnesium, promotes interfacial hydration.
阅读全文 PDF 引用The impact of forced closure on proppant distribution of hydraulic fracturing in shale formations
Tongxuan Gu, Hanyi Wang, Quan Gan, Shuang Zheng
发布时间：2026-03-18
关键词：The impact of forced closure on proppant distribution hydraulic fracturing in shale formations
摘要：Highlights The role of forced closure in reducing proppant settling within shale formations has been revealed for the first time. Forced closure is most effective with large fracture height, low fluid viscosity, low formation permeability, and high proppant concentration. Flowback rate and flush fluid injection have minimal impact. Forced closure is not recommended with ultra-low-density proppants.
阅读全文 PDF 引用Caving-enhanced geothermal system overwhelms fracturing- and pipe-enhanced geothermal system in heat extraction
Fangchao Kang, Tianjiao Li, Yingchun Li, Jinlong Men, Chun'an Tang
发布时间：2026-03-18
关键词：Cavingenhanced geothermal system overwhelms fracturing and pipeenhanced in heat extraction
摘要：Highlights Thermal responses and heat extraction performances of different enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) with distinct stimulation strategies are examined. Caving-EGS (C-EGS) yields the best heat extraction performance with a stable extraction rate over the entire lifespan. Fractures provide preferential flow paths and causes thermal drawdown in fracturing- and pipe-EGS. C-EGS has great potential in large-scale deep geothermal energy extraction.
阅读全文 PDF 引用Instability mechanism and failure characteristics of underground cavern in block system under the action of seismic waves
Xiao Wang, Jinxiao Liu, Gaoshuo Zhang, Wenxin Li, Changdi He
发布时间：2026-03-18
关键词：Instability mechanism and failure characteristics of underground cavern in block system under the action seismic waves
摘要：Highlights Investigated block instability using wave propagation theory. Simulated seismic effects on block sliding using Universal Distinct Element Code. Found block sliding depends on seismic and geological conditions.
阅读全文 PDF 引用Gaborlet-guided sparse filtering: A novel intelligent method for lithology identification by vibration signals while drilling
Jian Hao, Danqi Zhang, Zhenqi Song, Jinrui Wang, Qi Wang, Heqing Liu
发布时间：2026-03-18
关键词：Gaborletguided sparse filtering A novel intelligent method for lithology identification by vibration signals while drilling
摘要：Highlights This study introduces a novel Gaborlet-guided sparse filtering (GSF) method to improve feature extraction from noisy drilling vibration signals, significantly enhancing lithology identification accuracy. Effective multiscale and multidirectional feature extraction: The GSF method utilizes Gabor wavelets to initialize sparse filter (SF) weight vectors, enabling the capture of multiscale and multidirectional features crucial for precise lithology classification. Overfitting prevention via regularization: The GSF model employs L1/2 norm regularization, effectively addressing overfitting while ensuring reliable feature extraction from raw drilling data. Exceptional classification performance: Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves 94.07% accuracy on the training set and 88.32% on the testing set, outperforming three other existing lithology identification techniques.
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- 1Frictional Stability of Longmaxi Shale Gouges and Implications for Deep Seismic Potential in the Southeastern Sichuan Basin 2Mineralogy, microstructures and geomechanics of rock salt for underground gas storage 3Additive manufacturing technology in mining engineering research 4The theory of compression–shear coupled composite wavepropagation in rock 5High-performance computing of 3D blasting wave propagation in underground rock cavern by using 4D-LSM on TianHe-3 prototype E class supercomputer 6Influence of cooling speed on the physical and mechanical properties of granite in geothermal-related engineering 7Grouting theories and technologies for the reinforcement of fractured rocks surrounding deep roadways 8Development of urban underground space in coastal cities in China: A review 9Seabed structures and foundations related to deep-sea resource development: A review based on design and research 10Potential triggers for large earthquakes in open-pit mines: A case study from Kuzbass, Siberia
- 1Frictional Stability of Longmaxi Shale Gouges and Implications for Deep Seismic Potential in the Southeastern Sichuan Basin 2Influence of cooling speed on the physical and mechanical properties of granite in geothermal-related engineering 3Development of urban underground space in coastal cities in China: A review 4Grouting theories and technologies for the reinforcement of fractured rocks surrounding deep roadways 5Mineralogy, microstructures and geomechanics of rock salt for underground gas storage 6A multiphysical-geochemical coupling model for caprock sealing efficiency in CO2 geosequestration 7Advancing deep underground research through integration of engineering and science 8Numerical simulation of zonal disintegration of surrounding rock in the deep-buried chamber 9Seabed structures and foundations related to deep-sea resource development: A review based on design and research 10Stress wave propagation and incompatible deformation mechanisms in rock discontinuity interfaces in deep-buried tunnels